A floresta é indissociável da História do Homem. Não obstante o cristianismo assumir uma atitude hostil ela esteve sempre presente nos grandes momentos da História da Cristandade.
A Floresta é a nossa principal reserva de riqueza, fornece-nos lenha e madeiras que até meados do século XIX se tornaram indispensáveis à sobrevivência e comodidades humanas. Por todos os tempos a riqueza de uma região dependeu desta reserva que delimitava a fronteira do espaço agrícola e humanizado.
No século XVIII com Rousseau o quadro natural assumiu um papel distinto, passando a estar envolvido no quotidiano. O homem do século XIX vê a floresta com outro olhar. Perdeu o medo e o instinto dominador, procurando nela a harmonia. É essa a lição de David Thoreau em "Waden"(1). Mas também é neste momento que o homem toma consciência da sua acção devastadora sobre a floresta. O primeiro grito é de Marsh em "Man and nature" (1874). Perante isto sucederam-se reacções, com as medidas de protecção da floresta em 1669 a ordenança francesa das florestas de Colbert e depois como o free timber act (1873) e a criação dos parques e reservas: Yosemite National Park em 1890 - ou as associações privadas - Sierra Club (1892) - e publicas - Divisão de Florestas (1886)(2).
Na verdade a devastação da floresta causou efeitos destrutivos considerados catastróficos.A situação mais evidente nas ilhas onde o hinterland é reduzido. A primeira imagem disto é a ilha de Chipre, onde a construção naval e a exportação levaram a que esta perdesse o epíteto de ilha verde, dado pelos antigos(3). A situação repete-se na Madeira, Canárias e Antilhas.
Um dos aspectos significativos do recurso à floresta foi a construção naval. A expansão europeia desde o século XV implicou uma revolução na construção naval. Os séculos XVII e XVIII de forte competência das potências europeias no domínio do mar e do Novo Mundo conduziu ao forte incremento da construção naval. Até 1862, altura em que se atinge a idade do ferro, a madeira é a matéria prima de construção naval(4). O caso mais evidente disto é a Inglaterra que perdida a sua floresta socorre-se das madeiras de América do Norte. Aliás este continente foi a principal reserva europeia: a Nova Inglaterra para os ingleses e o Canadá para os franceses(5).
A Madeira assume aqui um lugar de destaque, pois a ilha ganhou o seu nome do denso arvoredo, mas a presença do homem desde o século XV rapidamente conduziu ao seu desaparecimento da vertente sul. Tal como afirma S. Pyne(6) a situação da Madeira não é uma caricatura desse processo de deflorestação, mas a sua evidencia.
Tendo em conta estas múltiplas funções da floresta os estudos realizados repartem-se em a História da Floresta em geral(7), os seus múltiplos usos que vão desde o combustível(8) a construção naval(9). A sua incessante procura conduz o homem à busca de medidas da sua defesa que surgem em circunstâncias e conjunturas de crise deste inestimável recurso(10)
Da leitura dos clássicos e da produção recente releva-se uma situação particular que toca de novo o arquipélago da Madeira. A Madeira não se posiciona apenas nos anais da História universal como a primeira área de ocupação atlântica, pioneira na cultura e divulgação do açúcar ao Novo Mundo.
A expansão europeia não se resume apenas ao encontro e desencontro de Culturas, mas também marca o início de um processo de transformação ou degradação do meio-ambiente(11). O europeu carrega consigo a fauna e flora do seu convívio e com valor económico, que irão provocar profundas mudanças nos novos eco-sistemas. Com isto acontece que o espaço vivido e natureza se universalizam. O processo de imposição da chamada biota portátil europeia, no dizer de Alfred Crosby(12), foi responsável por alguns dos primeiros e mais importantes problemas ecológicos . Quem não se lembra da praga dos coelhos do Porto Santo? Que dizer do incêndio que lavrou na ilha durante sete anos ?
Estas situações são assiduamente referenciadas pela actual historiografia norte americana que se dedica ao estudo da História do meio ambiente, sendo o seu ponto de partida e alento para esta incursão temática inovadora.
Outro facto também insistentemente referido é o da própria ilha da Madeira. O nome foi o atributo para referenciar a abundância e aspecto luxuriante do seu bosque. Tão pomposamente referida por Camões(13):
Passamos a grande ilha da Madeira
Que do muito arvoredo assim se chama
Das que povoamos a primeira
mais célebre por nome que por fama
(…)
Mas em pouco tempo, as queimadas para abrir clareiras de cultura e habitação, o debaste para fruição das lenhas e madeiras, fizeram-na desmerecer tal epíteto. Da Madeira quase só ficou o nome…!
A tradição refere que os navegadores portugueses atearam um incêndio à densa floresta para poder penetrar, mas este ganhou tais proporções que os atemorizou. Foram sete anos de chama acesa, diz a tradição. Todavia, hoje ninguém acredita nesta versão divulgada por Francisco Alcoforado e repetida em Cadamosto e outros autores da época. Hoje ninguém acredita nesta História, que a ser verdade teria reduzido a ilha a carvão…
Esta situação expressa uma realidade que pautará a expansão europeia e que só nos últimos anos tem cativado a atenção do historiador. Tudo isto tem origem num produto devorador que conquista a economia de mercado e que pautou a evolução da economia atlântica a partir do século XV. O carrasco é o açúcar. A sua disponibilidade só é possível com esse processo de degradação do meio que viu nascer os canaviais.
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13 Lusíadas, est.5, canto V, 1613