GRANDES TEMAS

 

HISTÓRIA DA CIÊNCIA

 

 

 

O século XVIII é sem duvida o grande momento de afirmação da ciência. O século XVIII é na verdade o século da ciência. Tudo isto é fruto de um triunvirato de cientistas que estão na origem de academias em Paris, Gottingen e Uppsala: George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1701-88), Albrecht von Haller (1708-77), Carl von Linné (Linnaeus) (1707-78).

Não obstante a curiosidade do homem sobre a Natureza ter-se iniciado no séc. III A.C. com o Museu de Ptolomeu em Alexandrina.Todavia os rumos da actual ciência, na sua busca incessante de descoberta da natureza declinaram-se a partir do século XVI tendo como principais alicerces os museus de História Natural e os jardins botânicos. Os jardins são primeiro definidos como hortus medicas, locais de cultivo de plantas com valor medicinal. O mais antigo surgiu em 1545 em Pisa, Florença e Heidelberg. A estes seguiram-se outros: Zurique (1560), Bolonha (1547), Leiden (1577), Leipzig (1579) Montpellier e Heidelberg (1594), Jardin des Plantes-Paris /1635) The Royal Botanical Garden of Edimburgh (1690), Capetown (1694), Mauritius /1735), Oxford (1621), Cambridge (1761), Chelsea Physic Garden (1673).

A estes seguiram-se no século XVIII os museus de História Natural: Coimbra (1772), Charleston (1773), Madrid (1776), Filadelfia (1786), Rio de Janeiro (1818), Buenos Aires e Bogotá (1823), Santiago do Chile (1830), Boston e N. York(1860), Belem (1871), Milwaukee (1880) S. José da Costa Rica (1887), Chicago e S. Francisco (1890) e S. Paulo (1894), Praga (1894), Bruxelas (1903), Viena (1889).

No caso inglês o Royal Botanic Garden exerceu também um papel fundamental na afirmação colonial. Segundo Lucille M. Brockway (1979) - the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew... served as a control centre which regulated the flow of botanical information from of the metropolis to the colonial satellites, and disseminated information emanating from them.". Tal como afirma N. Reingold (1987, p. 354) ao referir-se ao Bristish Museum (1881) o edifício é um "templo de ciência".

Jardins botânicos e museus de História Natural detêm um papel fundamental na afirmação da ciência e no apoio aos cientistas, mas são as instituições que servem de suporte a toda uma rede de contactos que a revelação das descobertas tornava necessária a sua divulgação. As sociedades científicas desde o século XVII quebram o isolamento dos cientistas . A Royal Society em Londres (1662) foi o embrião deste suporte institucional. Os seus ideais alargaram-se às colónias e difundiram-se em toda a Europa:

A par disso este enquadramento institucional é reforçado no século XIX com o aparecimento de publicações periódicas especializadas. Esta iniciativa está associada a uma retaguarda institucional. Assim a Royal Society edita desde 1665 "the Philosophical Transactions". Do outro lado do Atlântico tivemos desde 1818 o "American Journal of Science".

 

 

GUIAS DE DOCUMENTOS E OBRAS RARAS

 

A Directory of History of Medicine Collections. Compiled by Elizabeth Tunis. Seventh edition. Bethesda: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, 1997.

American Museum of Natural History, New York. Library. Research Catalog of the Library of the American Museum of Natural History: Authors. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1977.

British Museum Library (Natural History Department). Catalogue of the Books, Manuscripts, Maps and Drawings in the British Museum (Natural History). London: Printed by order of the Trustees, 1903-40.

BRUEMMER, Bruce. Resources for the History of Computing: a Guide to U.S. and Canadian Records. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute, Center for the History of Information Processing, University of Minnesota, 1987.

Chemical, Medical, and Pharmaceutical Books Printed Before 1800, in the Collections of the University of Wisconsin Libraries. Edited by John Neu. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965.

GOTTLIEB, Jean. A Checklist of the Newberry Library's Printed Books in Science, Medicine, Technology, and the Pseudosciences ca. 1460-1750. New York: Garland, 1992.

HARPER, Peter. Guide to the Manuscript Papers of British Scientists Catalogued by the Contemporary Scientific Archives Centre and the National Cataloguing Unit for the Archives of Contemporary Scientists 1973-1993. Bath : NCUACS, 1993.

John Crerar Library, Chicago. A List of Books on the History of Science. Prepared by Aksel G. S. Josephson. Chicago: Printed by order of the Board of Directors, 1911; New York: Kraus Reprint Corp., 1966. Supplement, 1916. New York: Kraus Reprint Corp., 1967.

LAYTON, Edwin T. A Regional Union Catalog of Manuscripts Relating to the History of Science and Technology Located in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio. Cleveland: Program in the History of Science and Technology, Case Western Reserve University, 1971.

LINDBERG, David C. A Catalogue of Medieval and Renaissance Optical Manuscripts. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1975.

Linnean Society of London. Catalogue of the Printed Books and Pamphlets in the Library of the Linnean Society of London. New edition. London: The Society, 1925.

Linnean Society of London. Library. Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Library of the Linnean Society. London: Linnean Society, 1934-48.

MCGURK, Patrick. Astrological Manuscripts in Italian Libraries Other Than Rome. London: Warburg Institute, 1966.

MOORE, Keith. A Guide to the Archives and Manuscripts of the Royal Society. London: Royal Society, 1995.

MOYAL, Ann Mozley. A Guide to the Manuscript Records of Australian Science. Canberra: Australian Academy of Science in association with Australian National University Press, 1966.

NEBEKER, Frederik. Astronomy and the Geophysical Tradition in the United States in the Nineteenth Century: a Guide to the Manuscript Sources in the Library of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: The Society, 1991.

Rare Books and Special Collections in the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Ellen B. Wells and Leslie K. Overstreet. Washington, D.C.: The Libraries, c1995.

Royal Society of London. Catalogue of Scientific Papers, 1800-1900. Metuchen: Scarecrow Reprint Corp., 1968.

SINGER, Dorothea. Catalogue of Latin and Vernacular Alchemical Manuscripts in Great Britain and Ireland, Dating from Before the XVI Century. Brussels: M. Lamertin, 1928-31.

Smithsonian Institution. Manuscripts of the Dibner Collection in the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Libraries, 1985.

STANTON, William. American Scientific Exploration, 1803-1860: Manuscripts in four Philadelphia Libraries. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Library, 1991.

SUMMERS, Anne. How to find Source Materials: British Library Collections on the History and Culture of Science, Technology and Medicine. London: The British Library, Science Reference and Information Service, 1996.

Union Catalogue of Scientific Libraries in the University of Cambridge: Scientific Conference Proceedings, 1644-1972. London: Mansell, 1975.

University of California, Los Angeles. A Descriptive list of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Science at the University of California, Los Angeles. Edited by A.Z. Iskandar. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1984.

 

 

BIOBIBLIOGRAFIAS

 

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BERETTA, Marco. Bibliotheca Lavoisieriana: the Catalogue of the Library of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier. Firenze: L.S. Olschki, 995.

Bibliografia Italiana di Storia della Scienza. Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza. Firenze: L. S. Olschki, 1985 --.

Bibliografia Kopernikowska. Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1958.

Bibliographia Kepleriana. Edited by Max Caspar. Munich: Beck, 1936.

Bibliography of Astronomers: Books and Pamphlets in English by and about Astronomers. Volume one: The spirit of the nineteenth century. Compiled by Paul Luther. Bernardston Mass.: Astronomy Books, 1989.

Bibliography of Reports by the National Academy of Sciences, 1945-1985. Prepared by the Task Force on Science Policy, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1986.

Bibliography of Studies and Reports on Science Policy and Related Topics, 1945-1985. Prepared by the Task Force on Science Policy, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987.

Bibliography of the History of Medicine. National Library of Medicine. Bethesda: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography on the History of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, 17th to the 19th century. Edited by Valentin Wehefritz; with the assistance of Zoltan Kovats. Munchen: K.G. Saur, 1994. Three volumes.

Biblioteca Galileiana. Edited by Giampaolo Rocco di Torrepadula. Firenze, Sansoni, 1957.

BISKUP, Marian. Regesta Copernicana: Calendar of Copernicus' Papers. Wroclaw: Ossolineum, 1973.

BLACK, George W. American Science and Technology: a Bicentennial Bibliography. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979.

BLACKWELL, Richard J. A Bibliography of the Philosophy of Science, 1945-1981. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1983.

BOFFITO, Giuseppe. Bibliografia Galileiana, 1896-1940. Rome: Libreria dello stato, 1943. See also Carli, and Galileo, Man of Science.

BRIDSON, Gavin and James White. Plant, Animal and Anatomical Illustrations in Art and Science: a Bibliographic Guide from the 16th Century to the Present Day. Detroit: Omnigraphics, 1990.

BRIDSON, Gavin. The History of Natural History: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1994.

BRUSH, Stephen G. The History of Geophysics and Meteorology: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1985.

The History of Modern Physics: an International Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1983.

The History of Modern Science: a Guide to the Second Scientific Revolution, 1800-1950. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988.

CALDWELL, Lynton Keith. Science, Technology, and Public Policy: a Selected and Annotated Bibliography. Volumes 1-3. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1968.

CARLI, Alarico and A. Favaro. Bibliografia Galileiana: 1568-1895. Firenze: Bencini, 1896. See also Boffito, and Galileo, Man of Science.

CHANNELL, David. The History of Engineering Science: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1989.

CHUBIN, Daryl E. Sociology of Sciences: an Annotated Bibliography on Invisible Colleges, 1972-1981. New York: Garland Publishing, 1983.

COHEN, Morris, L. Law and Science: a Selected Bibliography. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1980.

COLE, William A. Chemical Literature, 1700-1860: a Bibliography with Annotations, Detailed Descriptions, Comparisons, and Locations. London: Mansell, 1988.

Companion to the History of Modern Science. Edited by R.C. Olby. London: Routledge, 1990.

CORSI, Pietro. Information Sources in the History of Science and Medicine. Boston: Butterworth Scientific, 1983.

CORTADA, James W. A Bibliographic Guide to the History of Computer Applications, 1950-1990. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996.

A Bibliographic Guide to the History of Computing, Computers, and the Information Processing Industry. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990.

An Annotated Bibliography on the History of Data Processing. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1983.

Second Bibliographic Guide to the History of Computing, Computers, and the Information Processing Industry. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996.

DAUBEN, Joseph Warren. The History of Mathematics from Antiquity to the Present: a Selective Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1985.

DEVORKIN, David H. The History of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics: a Selected, Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1982.

DUNBAR, Gary S. The History of Modern Geography: an Annotated Bibliography of Selected Works. New York: Garland Publishing, 1985.

DURBIN, Paul. A Guide to the Culture of Science, Technology, and Medicine. New York: Free Press, 1980.

DUVEEN, Denis I. A Bibliography of the Works of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, 1743-1794. London, Dawson, 1954. Supplement. London: Dawson, 1965.

EISEN, Sydney. Victorian Science and Religion: a Bibliography with Emphasis on Evolution, belief, and Unbelief, Comprised of Works Published from 1900-1975. Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1984.

ELLIOTT, Clark A. History of Science in the United States: a Chronology and Research guide. New York: Garland, 1996.

ERNEST Rutherford, a Bibliography of his Non technical Writings. Berkeley: Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California, 1979.

FERGUSON, Eugene S. Bibliography of the History of Technology. Cambridge: Society for the History of Technology, MIT, 1968.

FERGUSON, John. Bibliotheca Chemica: a Bibliography of Books on Alchemy, chemistry, and Pharmaceutics. London: Derek Vershoyle, Academic and Bibliographical Publications, 1954.

FINE, Bernard S. The History of Electrical Technology. New York: Garland, 1991.

FREEMAN, Richard Broke. The Works of Charles Darwin: an Annotated Bibliographical Handlist. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, 1965. Second edition.

Front Page Physics: a Century of Physics in the News. Compiled by A.J. Meadows and M.M. Hancock-Beaulieu. Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Pub., 1994.

FRUTON, Joseph Stewart. A Bio-bibliography for the History of the Biochemical Sciences since 1800. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1982. Supplement, 1985.

Galileo, Man of Science. Includes the "Bibliografia Galileiana, 1940-1964: being the second supplement to the original Carli-Favaro Bibliografia Galileiana," p. I-lxxxii. Edited by Ernan McMullin. New York: Basic Books, 1967. See also Carli, and Boffito.

GIPPERT, Jost. Index Galenicus: Wortformenindex zu den Schriften Galens. Dettelbach: J.H. Roll, 1997. Two volumes.

GUERRINI, Anita. Natural History and the New World, 1524-1770: an Annotated bibliography of printed materials in the Library of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Library, 1986. See Meisel, above for coverage after 1769.

Guide to Sources for History of Solid State Physics. Compiled by Joan Warnow-Blewett and Jurgen Teichmann. New York: Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics, 1992.

Guide to the Archival Collections in the Niels Bohr Library at the American Institute of Physics. College Park: American Institute of Physics, 1994.

HAHN, Roger. A Bibliography of Quantitative Studies on Science and its History. Berkeley: Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California, 1980.

The New Calendar of the Correspondence of Pierre Simon La Place. Berkeley: Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California at Berkeley, 1994.

HARKANYI, Katalin. The Natural Sciences and American Scientists in the Revolutionary era: a Bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press,1990.

HAZEN, Robert M. American Geological Literature, 1669 to 1850. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, 1980.

HEILBRON, J. L. Literature on the History of Physics in the 20th Century. Berkeley: Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California,1981.

HIGBY, Gregory. The History of Pharmacy: a Selected Annotated Bibliography. New York : Garland Pub., 1995.

HOME, Roderick Weir. The History of CLassical Physics: a Selected, Annotated bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1984.

HOUZEAU, Jean Charles. Bibliographie Generale de l'Astronomie Jusqu'en 1880. London: Holland Press, 1964.

HURT, Douglas. The History of Agricultural Science and Technology: an International Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1994.

ISIS Cumulative Bibliography 1966-1975: A Bibliography of the History of Science Formed from Isis Critical Bibliographies 91-100. Indexing Literature Published From 1965 Through 1974. Edited by John Neu. London: Mansell, 1980-1985.

Cumulative Bibliography 1976-1985: A Bibliography of the History of Science Formed From Isis Critical Bibliographies 101-110. Indexing Literature Published From 1975 Through 1984. Edited by John Neu. Boston: G.K. Hall, 1989.

Cumulative Bibliography 1986-1995: A Bibliography of the History of Science Formed from the Annual Isis Current Bibliographies. Edited by John Neu. Canton: Published for the History of Science Society by Science History Publications, 1997. Four volumes.

Cumulative Bibliography: A Bibliography of the History of Science Formed from Isis Critical Bibliographies 1-90, 1913-65. Edited by Magda Whitrow. London: Mansell, 1971-1984.

Isis Current Bibliography of the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences. 1-- (1913 -- ).

JANSSENS, Jules L. An Annotated Bibliography on Ibn Sina (1970-1989): Including Arabic and Persian Publications and Turkish and Russian References. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1991.

JAYAWARDENE, S. A. The Scientific Revolution: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland, 1996.

Reference Books for the Historian of Science. London: Science Museum, 1982.

KANTHA, Sachi Sri. An Einstein Dictionary. Westport: Greenwood, 1996.

KNIGHT, David M. Natural Science Books in English, 1600-1900. New York: Praeger, 1972.

Sources for the History of Science, 1660-1914. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975.

KREN, Claudia. Alchemy in Europe: a Guide to Research. New York: Garland, 1990.

Medieval Science and Technology: a Selected, Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1985.

La Collezione Galileiana della Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze. Edited by Angiolo Procissi. Rome: Istituto poligrafico dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato, 1985. <Picture> Also 1959.

MANDER, W J. A Selective Bibliography of the Philosophy of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Sub-Faculty of Philosophy, 1988.

Manuscript Sources of Medieval Medicine: a Book of Essays. Edited by Margaret R. Schleissner. New York: Garland, 1995

MAY, Kenneth Ownsworth. Bibliography and Research Manual of the History of Mathematics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973.

MEISEL, Max. A Bibliography of American Natural History: the Pioneer Century, 1769-1865. New York: Hafner Publisher Co., 1967. See Guerrini, below for coverage before 1791.

MIELI, Aldo. La Science Arabe et son Role dans l'Evolution Scientifique Mondiale. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1966.

MILLER, Genevieve. Bibliography of the History of Medicine of the United States and Canada, 1939-1960. Second edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1964. Morton, Leslie T. Morton's medical bibliography: an annotated check-list of texts illustrating the history of medicine. Edited by Jeremy M. Norman. 5th edition. Brookfield: Gower, 1991.

MILLER, Gordon. The History of Science: an Annotated Bibliography. Pasadena: Salem Press, 1992.

MOLLOY, Peter M. The History of Metal Mining and Metallurgy: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1986.

MOTTELAY, Paul Fleury. Bibliographical History of Electricity & Magnetism. New York: Arno Press, 1975.

NASR, Seyyed Hossein. An Annotated Bibliography of Islamic Science. Tehran: Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy, 1975.

OLESON, John Peter. Bronze Age, Greek, and Roman Technology: a Select, Annotated bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1986.

OORT, Jan Hendrik. The Letters and Papers of Jan Hendrik Oort: as Archived in the University Library, Leiden. Compiled by J.K. Katgert-Merkelijn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

OVERMIER, Judith A. The History of Biology: a Selected, Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1989.

Particle Physics: one Hundred Years of Discoveries: an Annotated Chronological Bibliography. V.V. Ezhela, et al. Woodbury: American Institute of Physics, 1996.

PORTER, Roy. The Earth Sciences: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1983.

PRITCHARD, Alan. Alchemy, a Bibliography of English-language Writings. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980.

RIDER, Kenneth John. The History of Science and Technology: a Select Bibliography for Students. Second edition. London: Library Association, 1970.

RIDER, Robin. A Bibliography of Early Modern Algebra, 1500-1800. Berkeley: Office for the History of Science and Technology, University of California, 1982.

RINK, Evald. Technical Americana: a Checklist of Technical Publications Printed before 1831. Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus International Publications, 1981.

ROBERTS, Verne L. and Ivy Trent. Bibliotheca Mechanica. New York City: J.A. Hill, 1991.

ROTHENBERG, Marc. The History of Science and Technology in the United States: a Critical and Selective Bibliography. New York:Garland Publishing, 1993.

ROYAL, Samuel. Medicine in Great Britain from the Restoration to the Nineteenth Century, 1660- 1800: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press, 1992.

RUSSO, Francois. Elements de Bibliographie de l'Histoire des Sciences et des Techniques. Second edition. Paris: Hermann, 1969.

SARTON, George. A Guide to the History of Science: a First Guide for the Study of the History of Science, with Introductory Essays on Science and Tradition. New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1952.

Science in Society: an Annotated Guide to Resources. Toronto: Wall & Thompson, 1989.

SEAL, Robert A. A Guide to the Literature of Astronomy. Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1977.

SELIN, Helaine. Science Across Cultures: an Annotated Bibliography of Books on non-Western Science, Technology, and Medicine. New York: Garland, 1992.

SHIERS, George. Bibliography of the History of Electronics. Metuchen: N.J., Scarecrow Press, 1972.

SKEMPTON, A. W. British Civil Engineering, 1640-1840: a Bibliography of Contemporary Printed Reports, Plans, and Books. London: Mansell, 1987.

SMIT, Pieter. History of the Life Sciences: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Hafner 1974.

STAPLETON, Darwin H. The History of Civil Engineering since 1600: an Annotated Bibliography. New York: Garland Publishing, 1986.

STILLWELL, Margaret Bingham. The Awakening interest in Science during the first Century of Printing, 1450-1550: an Annotated Checklist of first Editions Viewed from the Angle of their Subject Content. New York: Bibliographical Society of America, 1970.

Studies of Scientific Disciplines: an Annotated Bibliography. Washington D.C.: Division of Planning and Policy Analysis, Office of Planning and Resources Management, National Science Foundation, 1982.

Teaching in the History of Science: Resources and Strategies. Philadelphia: History of Science Society, 1989.

The History of Women and Science, Health, and Technology: a Bibliographic Guide to the Profession and the Disciplines. Edited by Phyllis Holman Weisbard. Second edition. Madison: University of Wisconsin System, Women's Studies Librarians, 1993.

THORNTON, John Leonard. Scientific Books, Libraries and Collectors: a Study of Bibliography and the Book Trade in Relation to Science. 2d. rev. ed. London, Library Association, 1962. <Picture> Third revised edition. London: Library Association, 1971. Supplement, 1969-75. London: Library Association, 1978.

Three Copernican Ttreatises: the Commentariolus of Copernicus, the Letter Against Werner, the Narratio Prima of Rheticus. Translated with introduction and notes by Edward Rosen. Third revised edition. Contains a biography of Copernicus and Copernicus bibliographies, 1939-1958 and 1959-1970. New York, Octagon Books, 1971.

WALLIS, R.V. and P.J. Wallis. Biobibliography of British Mathematics and its Applications. Part II: 1701-1760. Letchworth, Herts: Epsilon Press, 1986.

WHEATON, Bruce. Inventory of Sources for History of Twentieth Century Physics: Report and Microfiche Index to 700,000 Letters. Stuttgart: GNT-Verlag, 1992.

WIEGELE, Thomas. The Social Impacts of Biotechnology: an Annotated Bibliography of Recent Works. DeKalb: Association for Politics and the Life Sciences, Northern Illinois University, 1986.

WILLIAM, Cooper's, A Catalogue of Chymicall Books, 1673-88. Edited by Stanton Linden. New York: Garland, 1987.

Women and Science: an Annotated Bibliography. Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie with Kerry Lynne Meek. New York: Garland, 1996.

ZINNER, Ernst. Geschichte und Bibliographie der Astronomischen Literatur in Deutschland zur Zeit der Renaissance. Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 1964.

 

 

BIBLIOGRAFIA

 

ABBRI, Ferdinando, e Mazzolini, Renato G. (eds.), Storia delle Scienze. Natura e Vita. Dall'Antichità all'Illuminismo, Torino, Giulio Einaudi editore,

ADAMS, A. B. Eternal Quest: The Story of the Great Naturalists. New York: Putnam, 1969.

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A Historical Catalogue of Scientists and Scientific Books from the Earliest Times to the Close of the Nineteenth Century. New York: Garland Publishing, 1984.

AGASSIZ, L. Recherches sur le Poissons Fossiles. 5 vols. Neuchatel, 1833-43.

ALLEN, David E., The Naturalist in Britain; a Social History, London, Penguin,1976

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ANDRADA E SILVA, José Bonifácio de, Memoria sobre a Necessidade e Utilidade do Plantio de Novos bosques em Portugal, Lisboa, Academia Real das Sciencias, 1815, 187pp.

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ANGELES CALATAYUD, Maria, Catálogo de las Expediciones y Viajes Científicos a América y Filipinas (siglos XVIII y XIX), Madrid, CSIC, 1984

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A Philosophical Essay on Fecundation; or, an Impartial Inquiry into the first Rudiments of Progression of Animal Generation, particularly of the Human Species, by a member of the Society [for Propagating Human Nature and Knowledge]. London: J. Roberts, 1742.

ARBER, Agnes, Herbals. Their Origin and Evolution, London, Cambridge Univ. Press, 3º ed. 1988.

ARBER, Edward, ed., Travels and Works of Captain John Smith, 2 vols, Edinburg, 1910.

ARISTOTELES, Generation of Animals, vols. 1-2, , London, Heinemann, 1953

AYRES, Christovão, Para a História da Academia das Sciencias de Lisboa, Coimbra, 1927.

BANKS, Sir Joseph: A Global Perspective / editors, R.E.R. Banks ... [et al.]; production editor, S. Dickerson. [Richmond, England]: Published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew on behalf of the co-sponsors, c1994.

BARBER, L. The Heyday of Natural History: 1820-1870. London: Johnathan Cape, 1980.

BARROW, John. An Account of Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa in the Years 1797 and 1798. London, 1801.

BARTON, William P. C. Medical Botany. Philadelphia: Carey and Lea, 1825.

BARTRAM, John. Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil, Rivers, Productions Worthy of Notice, made by John Bartram in his Travels from Pennsylvania to Onondaga, Oswego, and the Lake Ontario in Canada. London: J. Whiston & B. White, 1751.

A Description of East Florida with a Journal kept by John Bartram, of Philadelphia, Botanist to His Majesty for the Floridas. London, 1766.

BARTRAM, William. The Travels of William Bartram (1791). New York, 1955.

BAYLIS, Edward. A New and Compleat Body of Practical Botanic Physic from the Medicinal Plants of the Vegetable Kingdom. London: Stace and Maids, 1791.

BEAUX, Nathalie. Le Cabinet de Curiosités de Thoutmosis III: Plantes et Animaux du "Jardin Botanique" de Karnak / par Nathalie Beaux. Leuven: Dép. Oriëntalistiek: Uitgeverij Peeters, 1990.

BECK, William Samson, Modern Science and the Nature of Life. [1st ed.] New York, Harcourt, Brace [1957]

BEER, G. R., Sir Hans Sloane and the British Museum, London, 1953.

BELL, Thomas. A History of British Reptiles. London: J. Van Voorst, 1839.

BENASSY, M: Cécile e Jean Pierre Clément, Nouveau Monde et Renouveau de l'Histoire naturelle I e II, Paris, Univ. Paris II, 1986 e 1993.

BERNARD, N., Microbiologie, L'Oeuvre de Pasteur et ses Consequénces, Masson, Paris, 1937.

BEWICK, Thomas. A History of British Birds. Newcastle: Cook, 1832.

Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology. Edited by Ian McNeil and Lance Day. London: Routledge, 1996.

Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists. Edited by John Daintith. Second edition. Philadelphia: Institute of Physics, 1994.

Biographical Sources in the Sciences. Compiled by Janet Turner, Constance Carter, and Ruth Freitag. Washington: Science Reference Section, Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress, 1988.

BLANCKAERT, Claude, Jean-Louis Fischer, Roselyne Rey, Nature, Histoire, Société: Essais en Hommage à Jacques Roger. [Paris]: Klincksieck, c1995.

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